|
Advocates of animal rights as well as activists for animal liberation hold the view that to deny the most basic needs of sentient creatures – such as the avoidance of pain – to non-human animals, on the basis of species membership alone, is a form of discrimination akin to racism or sexism. Many animal rights advocates argue that non-human animals should be regarded as persons and members of the moral community whose interests deserve legal protection.〔Taylor, Angus. ''Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate''. Broadview Press, 2003, p. 15ff.〕 The animal rights movement emerged in the 19th century, focused largely on opposition to vivisection, and in the 1960s the modern movement sprang up in England around the Hunt Saboteurs Association. In the 1970s, the Australian and American philosophers, Peter Singer and Tom Regan, began to provide the movement with its philosophical foundations. Singer argued for animal liberation on the basis of utilitarianism, first in 1973 in ''The New York Review of Books'' and later in his ''Animal Liberation'' (1975), while Regan developed a deontological theory of animal rights in several papers from 1975 onwards, followed by ''The Case for Animal Rights'' (1983).〔Finsen, Susan and Finsen, Lawrence. "Animal rights movement," in Marc Bekoff (ed.). ''The Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare''. Greenwood, 2009. *For more about the history of the ideas, see Kean, Hilda. ''Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800''. Reaktion Books, 1998. *Also see: : *Singer, Peter. ("Animal liberation" ), ''The New York Review of Books'', Volume 20, Number 5, 5 April 1973. : *("Food for Thought" ), letter from David Rosinger and a reply from Peter Singer, ''The New York Review of Books'', Volume 20, Number 10, 14 June 1973. : *Singer, Peter. ''Animal Liberation'' New York Review/Random House, 1975. : *Regan, Tom. ("The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism" ), ''Canadian Journal of Philosophy'', Vol. 5, No. 2 (Oct., 1975), pp. 181-214. : *Regan, Tom. ("McCloskey on Why Animals Cannot Have Rights" ), ''The Philosophical Quarterly'', Vol. 26, No. 104 (Jul., 1976), pp. 251-257. : *Regan, Tom. ''The Case for Animal Rights''. University of California Press, 1983.〕 A distinction persists within the movement – based on the utilitarian/deontological divide – between those who seek incremental reform, a position known as animal protectionism, and those on the abolitionist side, who argue that reform that aims to regulate, rather than abolish, the property status of animals is counter-productive.〔Francione, Gary L. and Garner, Robert. ''The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation?''. Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 1ff, 103ff.〕 ==List== The following is a list of notable animal rights advocates from all positions within the movement, from academics to activists, listed according to their country of birth. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of animal rights advocates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|